八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-9 20:51

说说格律诗的“拗救”

本帖最后由 八卦掌付 于 2015-4-9 21:08 编辑 <br /><br /><font size="5"><font face="Tahoma">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</font></font><font size="5" style="font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">《八论诗词》</font></font><font face="Simsun" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><font color="#444444"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="font-size: 14px;"><font color="#333333">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(八卦掌付)&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></font><font color="#333333" style="font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><font face="Simsun"><br></font></font></font></font><font style="font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><font face="Simsun"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font color="#000000"><font size="4"><font face="微软雅黑">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一&nbsp;</font></font></font></span></font></font><font size="4" style="font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br><font face="微软雅黑"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">格律诗中去仄明,佩文古韵待澄清。</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">一三五句无编驳?孤弱欺声错不轻。</font><br><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;二</font><br><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">小拗诗言岂不闻,大纲六仄下消平。</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">仄平韵脚安奇字,本上孤文拗救清。</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br></font><font face="微软雅黑"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;三</font><br><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">世俗常将诗韵唱,都和律句悖相行。</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">辉煌唐宋当称璨,友客明知个中情?</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br></font><font face="微软雅黑"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;四</font><br></font><font face="微软雅黑"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">悠悠清律不能说,煌论而论在眼前。世俗迷于依本写,哪留臻境再生焉?</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</font><br></font><font face="微软雅黑"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;五<br></font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">两岸柔丝任意裁,几枝素卉悄然开。</font><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">不闻香染千年路, 缘是诗家踏浪来。</font><br></font></span></font></font></font><font face="微软雅黑" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><font style="background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><font size="4"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: 700;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;六</span></font></font></font><br><font size="4"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: 700;">秋藤春叶幻红尘,竟似花瓶未换新。</span></font></font></font><font size="4"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: 700;">诗道颓迷悲切切,谁知唐宋更传神?</span></font></font></font><br><font size="4"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: 700;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;七</span></font></font></font><br></font><font face="微软雅黑" style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><font size="4"><font style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font color="#000000"><span style="font-weight: 700;">新人不识妙文章,巧嵌丽辞巧画妆。孰若善调真假味,夺魁精髓寂然香。</span></font></font></font><br>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-weight: 700;"><font color="black">八</font></span><br></font><font color="black" style="font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 206);"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><font face="微软雅黑"><font size="4">昨夜诗坛寻美玉,太多芜杂入吾眸。随风拼凑无平仄,谁肯精攻韵外求?</font></font><font size="4"><font face="微软雅黑"><br></font></font></span></font><div><font size="5"><font face="Tahoma"><br></font></font></div><div><font size="5"><font face="Tahoma">&nbsp; &nbsp; 我所讲的诗律,是格律诗的正格。如果写诗按正格写,当然是最好的。但事实上,我们因为行文的需要,对律有了不同于正格的安排。这种诗,我们称之为“变格”。 这些变格虽然有些自由度,但必须符合一些条件,不能违反避忌。 那就是:<br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">(1)不能让句子犯孤平。</span></font><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">(2)不能让句子犯三平脚或者犯三仄脚。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">(3)不能让句子平仄失替</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">犯了以上所列的几种又如何解决呢?通常采取的办法就是拗救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; 1、什么是拗救?</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">所谓拗,就是不顺。救,就是补救。格律诗中不合常规平仄格律的句子叫拗句,对不顺的拗句进行补救叫做拗救。有拗才救,无拗不救。无拗也谈不上救。这就象我们一个没有生病的人,是不需要吃药的。用这个比喻来说,拗就是生病了(“诗病”),救就是吃药打针治病。人病了要治,诗句“病”了、拗了,当然也要救,否则该 格律诗就 “不及格”了。在学习写格律诗时,不但要学习格律诗的正格,同时也要学习其“变格”,当“变格”犯了某些“错误”时,就要学会对“拗句”进行“拗救”。&nbsp;</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; 2、什么情况需要拗救呢?格律诗的拗救,主要为了以下三种情况:</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">第一种情况,救孤平,孤平乃大拗,主要出现在仄平脚句型(如不救会使律句犯孤平)。这种情况的拗救叫孤平拗救。 五言律句是一拗三救(第三字救第一字); 七言律句是三拗五救(第五字救第三字)。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">第二种情况,救“三仄脚”。主要出现在仄仄脚句型(如不救会使出句) 。这种拗救,五言律句是三拗四救(第四字救第三字);七言律句是五拗六救(第六字救第五字)。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">第三种情况,救特拗。主要出现在平仄脚句型(如不救会使出句和对句平仄不和谐)。遇到平仄脚句型的拗救: 五言律句必须由对句第三字施救; 七言律句必须由对句第五字施救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; 3、拗救的基本原则:有拗才救,无拗不救,大拗必救,小拗可救可不救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; 4、拗救基本方法有两种:一是本句自救,二是对句相救。下面对这两种基本方法予以具体介绍。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 第一种 ,本句自救。简称本句救,又称当句救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">本句自救,就是在出现拗句的情况下,通过本句调整平仄用字来使平仄字的比例恢复正常的做法,叫做“本句自救”。 具体讲,就是在一句之中,上个音节该用平声的字眼上,用了仄声,仄拗了,就在本句下个音节另一个该用仄声的字眼上,换个平声,这就平救过来了。或者上个音节该用仄声的字眼上,用了平声,平拗了,就在下个音节该用平声的字眼上,换个仄声,这就仄救过来了。本句自救也有两种:</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; 1、救孤平。前面讲了孤平是诗家之大忌,也是大拗,是必须救的。救孤平,主要是指仄平脚句型。五言的“平平仄仄平” 句,七言的“仄仄平平仄仄平”句。这类句型中,五言第一字、七言第三字必须用平声字,如果以一三五不论而由平声字变仄声字,结果五言句成了“仄平仄仄平”, 七言句成了“仄仄仄平仄仄平”,犯了孤平,成了拗句了。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">这样的拗句属大拗,必须补救,方法是在本句中,将五言的第三字,或七言的第五字,该用仄声的,改用平声,这就把孤平救过来了。这种救法,五言叫作一仄拗三平救(简称一拗三救),七言叫作三仄拗五平救(简称三拗五救)。这样,就成功避免了句子犯孤平了。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 例如:李白《夜宿山寺》</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 危楼高百尺,手可摘星辰。&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 不敢高声语, 恐惊天上人。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 仄仄平平仄, 仄平平仄平。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;此诗最后一句的第一个字,当平却用了仄声字“恐”,这个字就“拗”了(引起了句子的孤平)。于是,就由第三个字“天”( 本来该仄却变为平),来救第一个字 “恐”。 “恐”字应平而变仄的字,就是被救的“拗字”。而“天” 字应仄变平的字,就是施救的字。但凡要进行句内自救,必定是按该律句的平仄正格来看其究竟是哪个字救哪个字的。 只要心中熟悉了正格,那么对于句内自救就根本不是问题了。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">再如:李白《宿五松山下荀媪家》首联:我宿五松下,寂寥无所欢。其中首联“寂寥无所欢”一句,按照五律格律要求,正格应该为“平平仄仄平”,而第一字“寂”为仄声字,为了避免孤平,诗人在第三字补救了一平声字“无”,变为“仄平平仄平”,就不犯孤平了 。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">又如:杜荀鹤《春宫怨》“风暖鸟声脆,日高花影重(仄平平仄平)”,“花”字救“日”字。&nbsp;</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">上述诗例是五言诗的一拗三救,是用腹节上字(第三字)的平声去救头节上字(第一字)的仄声。就是第一字该平而仄,第三字该仄而平。三救一,平救仄。七言诗的三拗五救,也是用腹节上字(第五字)的平声去救头节上字(第三字)的仄声。就是第三字该平而仄,第五字该仄而平。五救三,平救仄。象这样的例子,在格律诗中是很常见的。 例如:</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 贾岛:《三月晦日送春》 未到晓钟犹是春(仄仄仄平平仄平)。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">这句头节上字(第三字)"晓"该平而仄,于是就用腹节上字(第五字)该仄而平的"犹"去救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">又如:杜甫《秋兴八首》“西望瑶池降王母,东来紫气满函关”,上句的第六字用了平声的“王”字,便在第五字处用了仄声的“降”字,这样便“救”回来了。这也是“本句自救”。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">又如:程颢:《题淮南寺》 一任晚山相对愁(仄仄仄平平仄平)</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">这句头节上字"晚"该平而仄,用腹节上字该仄而平的"相"去救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">再如:贺知章《回乡偶书》“儿童相间不相识,笑问客从何处来(仄仄仄平平仄平)”,“何”字救“客”字,第五字救第三字。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 这类七言(仄仄平平仄仄平)句,如果第三字仄拗了,能不能用第一字的平去救?不能,即使第一字用了平声(平仄仄平仄仄平),还算"孤平"句,必须用第五字的平去救。那为什么?原来救孤平是以五言为准的,五言必须在第三字上救,七言就必须在第五字上救。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2、救"特拗"</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 主要指仄仄脚句型。五言的平平平仄仄句,七言的仄仄平平平仄仄句。 遇到这样的句型,五言第三字、七言第五字必须用平声字,如果以一三五不论而由平声字变仄声字,即拗。 如五言律句: 平平平仄仄。假如真的按一三五不论,我将第三个字变为仄,结果:平平仄仄仄。这样的句子就犯了所谓的三仄脚,成了平平仄仄仄拗句了。 这样的拗句,我们将第四个字由仄变为平。结果:平平仄平仄。这样,就成功避免了句子犯三仄脚了。七言律句的拗救方法类似,只是字位变为第五字拗,第六字救。给大家举个例子:&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 王之涣&nbsp;&nbsp;《凉州词》</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 黄河远上白云间, 一片孤城万仞山。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 平平仄仄仄平平,仄仄平平仄仄平。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 羌笛何须怨杨柳, 春风不度玉门关。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 平仄平平仄平仄,平平仄仄仄平平。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 以上列出这诗对应的平仄。大家看到第三句吗?第三句的第五个字由平变仄产生了拗,于是第六字就由仄变平来救第五字的拗。 虽然这样救了后,句子的246位置平仄失替了,但这样的变格,却是唐宋时期被认可的。通常被用在绝句的第三句,律诗的第七句。这样的句子虽然平仄失替了,但使全篇严整而有变化,如锦鲤翻波。遇到这样的句型,五言第三字、七言第五字必须用平声字,仄仄平平平仄仄)中,五言的第四字、七言的第六字该用仄声的偏用平声,恰恰在重要的节奏点上平仄不合。那么,就必须将本句的第三字(五言)或第五字(七言)的平声改为仄声字,写成“平平仄平仄”或“仄仄平平仄平仄”。 这种形式五言称之为四拗三救,七言称之为六拗五救。这种拗句,句中音节相间,联中句间音节相对,诗中联间音节相黏的规则统统不管,成了平仄上的特殊形式。宋人很喜欢用,乃至科举考试的试帖诗,也容许用此种句式。用的人多了,公认为合辙,形成一种习惯性的特殊拗句。这种特许犯规的句式,故王力《汉语诗词律学》中称之"特拗"。</span><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large">&nbsp; &nbsp; 这种"特拗"句式,多数用于尾联的出句,成为唐宋诗人的一种时尚。用于其他联的出句也有,但较少。现代人作旧体诗,也常用这种句式。&nbsp;</span></font><br style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; WORD-WRAP: break-word; COLOR: rgb(68,68,68); FONT-SIZE: large"></div>

三笑 发表于 2015-4-10 05:57

晨读学习!八卦斑斑写的脉络很清晰、详细,辛苦了,感觉分享!

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-10 07:04

三笑 发表于 2015-4-10 05:57
晨读学习!八卦斑斑写的脉络很清晰、详细,辛苦了,感觉分享!

谢谢,希望能给学诗的朋友一些帮助。:victory:
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