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[教学] 近体诗基础讲座(二)

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发表于 2010-5-31 13:36 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">主讲老师:*</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舍得之间</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    说起格律诗(近体诗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">OR</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">今体诗),我们自然要说起格律。因为,只有具备“格律”要素的诗体,我们才称之为格律诗。那什么是格律呢?今天</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">要研究的就是这格律诗的格律。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>    一些写过几篇格律诗的人笑了,不就是那平平仄仄的定格格式吗?按照那格律表的平仄要求,填上就是了。一些写诗的“高手”们也笑了,这类概念,对高手们来说是小菜一碟的,自己感觉很过关了。不错,格律这东东,说简单也很简单,有现成的格律表,只要把字的平仄音拿准,填上就是了。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    但是,如果你真的把它看简单了,马马忽忽的知道个大概形式就算过关了,那么,你还真就成不了写诗的高手。读格律诗,侃格律诗,写格律诗,那么,就让我们从最基本的格律说起吧。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    那么,到底什么是格律呢?说白了,格律就相当于音乐的节拍。格律来自音乐,格律的老祖宗就是音乐。在音乐散佚后,经历代学人总结了古代诗歌的共同规律,便形成了今天看到的格律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    咱这里引用一下汉典对它的定义——“诗、赋、词、曲等关于字数、句数、对偶、平仄、押韵等方面的格式和规则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外国诗歌也有自己的格律。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    说格律具有音乐的性质,其实主要是体现在节奏性上。在音乐学上,乐曲中周期性出现的有一定强弱分别的一系列拍子,叫“节拍”,比如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2/4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拍、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3/4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拍等等,节拍体现了一种有规律的进程。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">     唐诗有曰“画鼓不闻招节拍,锦靴空想挫腰肢”。那么我们所说的格律诗呢,其实,其本质也是一种节拍。将汉字语言以节拍的形式固定成一定的形式,就是格律诗。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>     我在上周四讲了汉字的音韵,讲了《平水韵》里对汉字四声的划分,还介绍了如何识别入声字。在《平水韵》中,将字的音调分成了四个部分,平声(上平,下平)、上声、去声和入声。这里的上平声和下平声是一样的,都属于平声,没有任何本质的区别,只是因为字数多而分成了上下。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    其余下的是“上声”“去声”和“入声”,这几个声部的字都属于仄声。“仄”字的解释很简单啊,不平则仄。那么,我们再来看《平水韵》,实际上就是分成了两部分,平声部分和仄声部分。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">    这一“平”一“仄”,就构成了我们格律诗“格律”的最基本的要素</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">音符。格律,就是按照将平字和仄字这两个“音符”间隔分布开而形成的有节奏感的文字的排布。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>

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 楼主| 发表于 2010-5-31 13:38 | 显示全部楼层
< class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>   上周四我们还讲了,格律诗(也称近体诗)之平仄排布规律,也叫“平仄谱”,它的基本原则如下:</FONT></SPAN></P>
< class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,每一句中,两字或三字为一组,平仄相间;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
< class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这个好理解。格律诗只有七言和五言二种(其他的如六言的不论),那么就是每句只能是七字或五字。按两平两仄相间分布就可以了,如“春蚕到死丝方尽”就是“平平仄仄平平仄”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">再如“白日依山尽,黄河入海流”,那么就是“仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平”。间有三平或三仄的也有啊,如“红军不怕远征难”就是“平平仄仄仄平平”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>我们以七言为例,这种排列组合只有四种形式(请记住)</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-comfficeffice\" /><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄平平仄。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平仄仄平。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄仄平平。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平平仄仄。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">换句话说,所有的近体诗的句子的组合都是由这四个平仄句式组成的。五言的,只不过去掉前面二个字而已。这么看也就简单了,近体诗的句子的平仄怎么分布,不去研究也罢,只须把这四个记住就</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">OK</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">了。其实,仔细看,只须记住两个就可以了,另外两个,只是他们相反的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>比如,记住</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄平平仄。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄仄平平。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>把他们的平仄换一下,就是</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平仄仄平。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平平仄仄。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">相当的好记,根本不须费力气的。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,出句与对句的平仄要相对。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">    这条解释一下:格律诗的句子都是成对出现的,如七律五律是八句的,七绝五绝是四句的,排律可以长达十句以上,那么,它也只能是双数句。这样,从起句开始,那这些句子就是成对出现的,在律诗中,每一对句子我们都称为一“联”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">    上句叫“出句”,下句叫“对句”,出句的每个字,与对句的每个字要平仄相对,也就是相反。其实,不需要每个字都对上的,我们主要看的是上下句的第二、第四、第六字,是否“对”上了。其余的第一、三、五、七字,不一定要完全对上,其变化规律,在后面随即会讲。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">尤其重要的,是看第二字的平仄,一定要相对。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">-----</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这就是近体诗中常说的“对”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,上连的对句与后面一联的出句平仄要相同</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>    上面一条说的是“对”,这条说的其实就是“粘”。前面讲到,近体诗的句子都是成对出现的,也就是由每一个“联”组成的,那么,近体诗毕竟不是“联”的散漫组合,它是一个整体。所以,联和联之间要有所联系,也就是需要把每一“联”粘连起来才好。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">粘连的方法就是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“上连的对句与后面一联的出句平仄要相同”。相同者,即浑为一体,也就粘连了起来。这就是近体诗中的常用术语“粘”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>好,我们现在再把上周讲的近体诗的基本要求温习一下:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,每一句的字数相等,五言或七言。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,四句一首的我们称为绝,八句一首的我们称为律。比八句还多的叫长律,也叫排律。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,一韵到底,且只能押平声韵。所有的近体诗,第一句都是可押韵,可以不押韵的。除了第一句,单数句不许押韵,只能在偶数句押韵。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,在律当中,第一二句叫首联(也叫起联),第三四句叫颔联(承联),第五六句叫颈联(转联),第七八句叫尾联(结联)。中间两联上下句(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">句和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">句,及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">句和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">句)要有对仗的关系,其他两联可以对仗可以不对仗。颔联对仗可以略宽些,但是颈联则要求工对。关于近体诗的对仗,我们以后有专门课程讲授。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,要合乎格律诗的平仄规律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">知道了上面这些,我们就可以知道了近体诗的格律是怎么回事了。说复杂也不算复杂,说不复杂吧,刚一接触也会有点发蒙。其实,重要的还是依仗我们上周讲到的声韵知识。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">    写近体诗,每个字的平仄都是有要求的,该用平声字,就不要选仄声,这样两平两仄的节拍性的分布,就形成了近体诗音乐特点的旋律美感,读来自然抑扬顿挫,起伏有致。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">    因为每个节拍主要是由二个字组成的,平平或仄仄,那么,这第二个字就是这个节拍的节点。平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,或仄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">。所以,节奏感主要是体现在这节点之上的,这每个节拍的第二字,在我们的句子里,分别就占据了第二,第四,第六的位置。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">    因此,我在前面强调,所谓近体诗的“对”和“粘”,主要是看它的第二、第四、第六字。每一联的上下句间,这几个字“对”上了,基本就能合上律了。前一联的后句,和后一联的前句,这几个位置上的字的平仄相同了,那么,也就是“粘”上了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>最后一字是韵字,或者是仄声收句字,我们另会根据押韵规则来约束它,前面的第一、第三、第五字呢?一般就可以轻松些不要求那么严了,这,就是传说中的“一三五不论,二四六分明”了,呵呵。二四六尽量不要马虎,该平不能仄,该仄不能平,要鲜明啊</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">单看二四六这几个位置的字,只能有这样的表现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“平仄平”,或“仄平仄”,非此,即判为不合律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“一三五不论,二四六分明”挺好记,也是一般判断格律诗是否合律的常见方法。但是,它不是很绝对的,有两点必须要注意到:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,不能犯“孤平”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">什么是“孤平”呢?,就是前后两字都是仄声字,而中间夹一平声字,这就是“孤平”。句中如果犯了“孤平”,那这就是通常所说的拗句了。“拗”是啥意思?别扭,不顺口呗!句中有拗即是病。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">严格的说,标准的理想的格律诗,是不能有拗句存在的。但,这样的标准型的格律诗,使在唐诗三百首里,也找不出来几首的。写诗嘛,言的是个心情,干吗那么束手束脚的这么严格呢?所以有这么一句是“拗而能救,既不算拗”,松绑了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>在七言诗中,第一个字离音节比较远,它的平仄如何完全可以不用管它。那么,第二个字犯“孤平”是被允许的了。对七言诗而言,主要是看第四个字,如果犯了“孤平”,那就是拗句了,这是必须要补救的。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">而五言诗只是七言诗去掉前两个字而已,那么,对于五言诗,就是第二字不能孤平了(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4-2=2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)。如有孤平出现,就算拗句。而拗句需要采取不久措施的,称作“拗救”,给救回来了,那还算合律的格律诗,否则,就是不合格的出律诗了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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< class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,不能“三平尾”或“三仄尾”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
< class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">所谓“三平尾”或“三仄尾”,就是句子最后三个字,不能连续用三个平声字,或连续用三个仄声字。尤其是“三平尾”是近体诗之大忌,是不可救之拗句,所以坚决要避免,必须的。但这里有个特殊情况,可以逃过这样的约束,那就是对专有名词开绿灯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
< class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>如果出句为三仄尾,那么对句则以三平尾来救它(值得商榷的说法,只是介绍)。下面有几个例子可以参考一下:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT color=#000000></FONT></SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">可怜白雪曲,未遇知音人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">韦应物</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">    </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄仄仄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">      </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">平平平</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = \"urn:schemas-microsoft-comfficeffice\" /><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">萧萧古塞冷,漠漠秋云低</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">杜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">  </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">甫</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">    </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄仄仄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">      </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">平平平</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">草色全经细雨湿,花枝欲动春风寒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">王维</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">        </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄仄仄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">          </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">平平平</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这几个例子,属于特例,只是简单介绍一下。对于初学者来说,不要轻易去试,养成习惯就不好了,坏了规矩,就不能成方圆了。其实,在唐诗里,下三仄(或下三平),也时有所见的,但多见在五言近体诗中,七律很少见到。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">古诗中,三仄尾常见,三平尾少见。延习下来,形成这样的概念,“三仄尾”尽量避免,但是不算大错,“三平尾”绝对禁止,救无可救。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">下面不妨再列几个“三仄尾”的例子:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“浮云一别后,流水十年间”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这是韦应物的。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">      </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄仄仄</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“凄凉蜀故妓,来舞魏宫前”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这是刘禹锡的。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">      </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄仄仄</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“江流石不转,遗恨失吞吴”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这是老杜的。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">      </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">仄仄仄</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>好了,下面,我们以前面所列的四种七言的平仄句子为例,说一下近体诗的“拗”的情况有哪些:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄平平仄。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平仄仄平。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">     </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>*<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">            </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>*<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>@</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄仄平平。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平平仄仄。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"><SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">     </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>x<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">            </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>@<SPAN style=\"mso-spacerun: yes\">   </SPAN>x</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">说明:一,下面标</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> @ </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">的字,是可平可仄的,不算拗。二,下面标注上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> * </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">的字,是必须要拗救的,而且是可以救的字,救的方法有“自救”和“对句救”两种。三,下面标有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> x </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">的字,是无法救的拗了。该仄的时候给整成平了,那就是“三平尾”了,该“平”的时候给整成仄了,那就是“三仄尾”了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">     在这里还要说明一下,关于“孤平”是诗之大忌,必须要拗救的,关于所谓的“孤仄”是不犯格律的,所以不存在“孤仄”的问题。也就是说,“孤仄”不是病。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">这样,咱们在上面就认识了什么样的句子是拗句,那么,下面介绍一下“拗救”,就是如何对可以救的“拗句”进行补救。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,自救</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">在七言诗中,第三字,除了“(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平仄仄平”这种句子之外,都可以平仄不论,拗了也不需要救。主要是因为在“仄仄平平仄仄平”句式中,如果第三字将平字换成仄字,那么,就必然形成了第四字的“孤平”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">而其他三种句型则不存在这个问题。这句,如果真的在第三字用上“仄字”而不可换,那么,怎么救它呢?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">将第五个字的“仄”给改成“平”就可以了。这就是自救。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>举个例子如下:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>南去北来休便休,白苹吹尽楚江秋。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">道人不是悲秋客,一任晚山相对愁。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>看这句“南去北来休便休”,按格律应该是“仄仄平平仄仄平”这样的,但是“北”字,使得该平的地方用上了仄,那么,作者便将该仄的第五个字使用了平声的“休”字。再看第四句“一任晚山相对愁”,“晚”字的位置本该平,</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">但是“晚”这个仄字不想换,那么,作者便在本该仄的第五字的位置上,用了平声字“相”字,这样,也救了前面形成的“孤平”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">,对句救</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">在七言诗中,第五个字只有在“(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平仄仄平”这个句中是可以不论的,选平选仄是无所谓的,不构成孤平。但是在其他句中是不可以的比如在“平平仄仄平平仄”句中,,把第五字给换成仄音字,那么,第六字就必然形成孤平了,这句就成了“拗句”了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">一般的,所谓的“救”都是后面救前面,而这第五字,后面空间太小了,所以“自救”不成了,怎么办?那就只能靠“对句救”了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">对句救,我们看例子来说话:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">劝君更进(一)杯酒,西出阳关(无)故人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">第五字“一”拗了,那么改变下句的第五字的平仄,用“无”(平声字)来救它。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">花开堪折(直)须折,莫待无花(空)折枝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">第五字“直”拗了,那么改变下句的第五字的平仄,用“空”(平声字)来救它。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>再看个例子,加深印象:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">儿童相见(不)相识,笑问客从(何)处来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">第五字“不”拗了,那么改变下句的第五字的平仄,用“何”(平声字)来救它。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">关于“对句救”,其实只是指着这一种“(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄平平仄”句型的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\"><FONT color=#000000>其他三种呢?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平仄仄平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">不需要救,前面说过了。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)平平仄仄仄平平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">第五字拗了就成三平尾了,不可救。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">)仄仄平平平仄仄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\">---</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">如果第五字拗了则成;</SPAN><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">三仄尾了,也不可救或不必救。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">再次强调一下前面那就个“三平尾”的举例,那是特例,人家作者是大诗家,名人效应或类于“为伟人讳”,所以一般人不会去指责的,而我们学习者,是尽量不去模仿这种特例的。他写了那是特例,你要是写了,会被砖头拍死的。为了安全,还是别去乱试哦。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">关于近体诗的“拗和拗救”其实是个令人挺头疼的问题,不仅困扰了大多数的初学者,连一些所谓的“高手”也纠缠不清的。尤其是一些特例,总是给人一种很“无理”的感觉。我个人感觉的,能不拗则尽量不去拗,也不要去为显示自己多少会一点点“拗救”而特意的拗拗来去的炫耀,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style=\"FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-hansi-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'\">“拗”毕竟是个“病”,即拗救了,那也是打个补丁而已,难以言美。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face=\"Times New Roman\" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>

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[LV.7]常住居民III

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发表于 2010-6-1 16:26 | 显示全部楼层
若言写的很详细,舍得老师的讲解也通俗易懂,认真学习了。若言辛苦了,非常感谢 送花花 如是MM就0距离拥抱一下下,呵呵~~如是帅哥就1CM距离拥抱一下

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 楼主| 发表于 2010-6-5 15:13 | 显示全部楼层

回复 4# 的帖子

呵呵,谢谢三笑,抱一个占个便宜吧,嘻嘻

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发表于 2010-6-12 12:16 | 显示全部楼层
辛苦了,感谢朋友带来的学习资料,问好~
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