八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-3 10:35

【转载】何谓近体诗拗救?

<div><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">【注:本文是转载,来源:诗词吾爱】</span></div><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">在近体诗中,有两种特殊句式值得注意,一个是“特殊句” ,另一个是“特殊联” 。“特殊句”指的是:</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">平平仄平仄 [仄仄平平仄平仄]</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">它是从律句“平平平仄仄 [仄仄平平平仄仄]”变化而来的。它本来是一种违背律句平仄格式的拗句,但是唐宋诗人却“将错就错”把它当作律句来使用 ,而且使用得相当频繁。实际上在前人的眼里,这种“拗句”已经被视为一种“特殊”的律句。比如:</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">无人信高洁,谁为表予心。(骆宾王《在狱咏蝉》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">明朝望乡处,应见陇头梅。(宋之问《题大庾岭北驿》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">回看射雕处,千里暮云平。(王维《观猎》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">寒山转苍翠,秋水日潺湲。(王维《辋川闲居赠裴秀才迪》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">襄阳好风日,留醉与山翁。(王维《汉江临泛》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">客心洗流水,馀响入霜钟。(李白《听蜀僧浚弹琴》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">仍怜故乡水,万里送行舟。(李白《渡荆门送别》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">遥怜小儿女,未解忆长安。(杜甫《月夜》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">凉风起天末,君子意如何?(杜甫《天末怀李白》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">清新庾开府,俊逸鲍参军。(杜甫《春日忆李白》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">何时一樽酒,重与细论文?(杜甫《春日忆李白》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">昔闻洞庭水,今上岳阳楼。(杜甫《登岳阳楼》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">长江一帆远,落日五湖春。(刘长卿《饯别王十一南游》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">惟怜一灯影,万里眼中明。(钱起《送僧归日本》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">何因不归去,淮上有秋山。(韦应物《淮上喜会梁州故人》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">依依向馀照,远远隔芳尘。(李商隐《离席》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">烦君最相警,我亦举家清。(李商隐《蝉》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">芳心向春尽,所得是沾衣。(李商隐《落花》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">猿啼洞庭树,人在木兰舟。(马戴《楚江怀古》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">春风对青冢,白日落梁州。(张乔《书边事》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">巫峡啼猿数行泪,衡阳归雁几封书。(高适《送李少府贬峡中王少府贬长沙》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">已忍伶俜十年事,强移栖息一枝安。(杜甫《宿府》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">庾信平生最萧瑟,暮年诗赋动江关。(杜甫《咏怀古迹五首》其一)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨曲中论。(杜甫《咏怀古迹五首》其三)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">妆罢低声问夫婿,画眉深浅入时无。(朱庆余《近试上张水部》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">谁料苏卿老归国,茂陵松柏雨萧萧。(李商隐《茂陵》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">刻意伤春复伤别,人间惟有杜司勋。(李商隐《杜司勋》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">直道相思了无益,未妨惆怅是清狂。(李商隐《无题(重帏深下莫愁堂)》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">任是深山更深处,也应无计避征徭。(杜荀鹤《山中寡妇》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">苦恨年年压金线,为他人作嫁衣裳。(秦韬玉《贫女》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">这样的例子举不胜举,足以证明前人对这种拗句有一种近乎偏爱的倾向。我们无须追寻前人为什么如此,只消记住“平平仄平仄[仄仄平平仄平仄]”是一种唐人习用的“特殊句”就可以了。记忆的方法是记住杜甫的《咏怀古迹五首》(其三)中的尾联“千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨苦中论” ,联中的出句便是“特殊句”的具体例证。</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">还有一个“特殊”指的是“特殊联” ,就是初看起来也是不合平仄规则的一联:</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">仄仄仄仄仄</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">平平平仄平</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">[七言则是:平平仄仄仄仄仄,仄仄平平平仄平]</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">这种特殊联在前人笔下也时有所见,实际上它是从标准律句联即“仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平”变化而来。原来五言句“仄仄平平仄”的第四字本来是平声,却用了仄声字,有时甚至连同第三字一起都用了仄声字,结果使诗句的平仄变成了“仄仄仄仄仄” 。出现这种情况时,前人采取的办法是在对句的第三字的位置上用一个平声字来补救,形成“平平平仄平”的格式(七言则变成了“平平仄仄仄仄仄” ,只是对句的第五字必须用平声字来补救)。如下列诗句:</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">流水如有意,暮禽相与还。(王维《归嵩山作》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">人事有代谢,往来成古今。(孟浩然《与诸子登岘山》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。(白居易的五律《赋得古原草送别》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">高阁客竟去,小园花乱飞。(李商隐《落花》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">肠断未忍扫,眼穿仍欲归。(李商隐《落花》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">向晚意不适,驱车登古原。(李商隐《登乐游原》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">不卷锦步障,未登油壁车。(李商隐《朱槿花二首》其一)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">渐与骨肉远,转於僮仆亲。(崔涂《除夜有怀》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">南朝四百八十寺,多少楼台烟雨中。(杜牧《江南春》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">一身报国有万死,双鬓向人无再青!(陆游《夜泊水村》)</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);">以上这些“仄仄仄仄仄,平平平仄平”与“平平仄仄仄仄仄,仄仄平平平仄平”就是“特殊联” 。不少人讲近体诗中的“拗救” ,大都讲得非常繁杂,叫人看了如坠五里雾中。其实真正的所谓“拗救” ,就是这一种,其余种种所谓“拗救”概可忽略不计。我们也不必管这种句子是不是拗救,只记住它是一种特殊联就够了。记忆的方法就是牢记杜牧的“南朝四百八十寺,多少楼台烟雨中”以及白居易的“野火烧不尽,春风吹又生” 。</span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; background-color: rgb(246, 246, 246);"><p></p>

独行剑客 发表于 2015-4-3 11:03

谢谢八卦掌付分享

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-3 11:04

独行剑客 发表于 2015-4-3 11:03
谢谢八卦掌付分享

谢谢,上午好。:handshake

清风明月` 发表于 2015-4-3 14:53

谢谢楼主无私分享

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-3 14:55

清风明月` 发表于 2015-4-3 14:53
谢谢楼主无私分享

下午好。:handshake

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-3 14:55

清风明月` 发表于 2015-4-3 14:53
谢谢楼主无私分享

下午好。:handshake

三笑 发表于 2015-4-6 10:27

很好的学习资料,便于管理,移到教学版面了,谢谢八卦友!辛苦了

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-6 10:33

三笑 发表于 2015-4-6 10:27
很好的学习资料,便于管理,移到教学版面了,谢谢八卦友!辛苦了

好的,这是转载之作品。

三笑 发表于 2015-4-6 15:30

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-6 10:33
好的,这是转载之作品。

诗词学习资料就是转帖要发表到“古典诗词”版面中的“子版:赏学诗苑”版面。

八卦掌付 发表于 2015-4-9 12:38

三笑 发表于 2015-4-6 15:30
诗词学习资料就是转帖要发表到“古典诗词”版面中的“子版:赏学诗苑”版面。

明白了。:victory:
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